Colds

Colds, also called upper respiratory tract infections, are the most common cause of illness in children and adults. Most colds are caused by a virus. There are more than 200 viruses that can cause the common cold, which is why it is not possible to be immunized against it.

What causes colds#

Colds are more common in the colder months, but cold weather by itself does not increase the chance of catching one. At that time of year people stay indoors and are in closer contact with each other, so they are more likely to pass the infection on. The viruses that cause colds spread through sneezing, coughing and hand contact.

Symptoms#

The symptoms of a cold include various combinations of:

• a stuffy or runny nose
• sneezing
• sore throat
• cough
• headache
• red eyes
• swelling of the lymph glands
• fever (occasionally)
• loss of appetite and, sometimes, nausea and vomiting

The exact symptoms vary from person to person and from one illness to the next. Usually they last from a few days to a week or more, and you recover fully without any ongoing problems.

Treatment#

There is no cure for the common cold, and no treatment will make it go away more quickly. However, symptoms can be relieved in a number of ways:

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) can be given in appropriate doses if a fever is present.
• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Nasal drops or spray will ease a blocked nose.
• Throat lozenges can soothe a sore throat.

There is no need for bed rest if your child has a cold — let them decide how much activity they want to do. Their appetite will return as they start to feel better.

Treatments to avoid#

Some treatments are not helpful and should be avoided:

• Antibiotics — colds are caused by a virus, so antibiotics will not help, even though they are sometimes prescribed.
• Cough medicines — these are of no benefit. A cough is caused by irritation of the windpipe or by excess mucus, and cough medicine does not affect either.
• Over-the-counter cold remedies — these are usually not helpful.
• Aspirin — do not give aspirin to children, because of the risk of Reye’s syndrome.

When to see a doctor#

Most colds get better without any specific treatment. See a doctor if you or your child:

• refuses to drink fluids
• vomits frequently
• complains of an intense headache
• is pale
• shows any other signs that worry you

Preventing colds#

It is difficult to avoid catching upper respiratory infections, and there is no value in taking vitamins in the belief that they will increase your resistance. There are, however, some things you can do to lower your risk:

• Wash your hands regularly for at least 20 seconds with soap and water, or use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol.
• Wash your hands when you get home and when you arrive at other people’s homes, at venues or at work.
• Wash your hands after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet.
• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue, then throw it away and wash your hands. If you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your elbow or upper sleeve.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands.
• Do not share drink bottles, glasses, crockery or cutlery other than with people you live with.
• Keep your distance — stay about 1.5 meters away from others where you can.
• Do not go to work, childcare or school if you are sick.

Key Points#

• Most colds are caused by a virus.
• Colds are more common in the colder months.
• The viruses that cause colds are spread by sneezing, coughing and hand contact.
• Symptoms vary, and can include a stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, cough, and sometimes loss of appetite or nausea.
• There is no cure, but symptoms can be relieved, and most people recover in about a week.

Where to get help and trusted information#

For evidence-based global health guidance, see Source: World Health Organization (WHO).