Contraception - male (external) condoms

What is a male (external) condom?#

A male (external) condom is a thin, strong latex (rubber) pouch that comes in different sizes, colours and styles. Its job is to act as a barrier, stopping sperm and other body fluids (blood, semen or vaginal fluids) from entering the vagina, mouth or anus.

Non-latex condoms made of polyurethane (plastic) and polyisoprene (synthetic rubber) are available for people with a latex allergy.

Condoms are put on an erect penis, or can be placed on vibrators and sex toys (such as dildos). They come in small packets that fit easily in a wallet, pocket or bag. It is a good idea to carry spare condoms in case you need them.

How they work#

Male (external) condoms act as a barrier against pregnancy and STIs. They block ejaculate (cum) from entering the vagina, which helps prevent pregnancy. They also reduce the exchange of body fluids during sexual contact, including anal and oral sex, which helps prevent STIs.

Use a new condom each time you have any sexual contact, and when switching between different types of sex (such as from anal to vaginal). Note that dental dams, although not a form of condom, can be used during oral sex.

Condoms can be used with other forms of contraception, including:

• the pill or the mini pill
• intrauterine devices (IUD)
• implants
• injections
• vaginal rings

If you are not sure which method of contraception and protection is best for you, talk to your doctor or nurse.

How effective are male (external) condoms?#

When fitted correctly, male (external) condoms are up to 98% effective at preventing pregnancy during vaginal sex. Condoms are also the most effective way to reduce your risk of contracting STIs.

This figure declines if condoms are used incorrectly, or if the condom breaks or slips off during sex.

If you are sexually active, have an STI test at least once a year, and more often if you have multiple partners over a short period.

How to choose and store condoms#

Condoms come in different sizes, so choose the right size for you. Always check the use-by date before using one, and buy non-latex condoms if you or your partner is allergic to latex.

Look for condoms that meet recognised quality standards. When properly stored, condoms last about 5 years.

• keep condoms in a cool, dry place, as they can be damaged by heat (for example, do not leave them in a hot car for a long time)
• some novelty condoms are not designed to prevent pregnancy or STIs and should not be used for penetrative sex

How to use a male (external) condom#

If you are unsure how to use condoms, follow the instructions on the packet. To help avoid pregnancy or STIs, put the condom on an erect penis or sex toy before it touches the vagina, mouth or anus.

• Open the packet carefully, avoiding tearing the condom with jewellery, teeth or fingernails.
• Check which way the condom unrolls, but do not unroll it first.
• Gently squeeze the top of the condom to remove air, then unroll it as far as it will go down the erect penis or sex toy.

If you do not get the condom on properly the first time, throw it away and use a new one.

Water-based lubricant (lube) can be used. Lube is a jelly or liquid-like material that reduces friction, helps stop tears, and can make sex more enjoyable. Do not apply lube inside the condom, as it may cause slippage and make the condom less effective.

After sex#

• Withdraw the penis (or sex toy) after ejaculation while gently holding the rim of the condom.
• Be careful not to spill any semen.
• Tie the open end of the condom in a knot.
• Do not flush the condom down the toilet; put it in a bin.

Resolving common problems#

Some problems can happen when using external condoms:

• The condom rolls up. Check it and roll it back to the base of the penis. Using water-based lubricant may help.
• The condom slides off. Pull out and use a new condom. Make sure you have the right size.
• You cannot get or hold an erection. Withdraw the penis while holding on to the condom. Condoms can only be used when the penis is erect. When you are ready to have sex again, start with a new condom.

Choosing the right lubricant#

Choose a lubricant that is water or silicone-based, not oil-based. Water and silicone-based lubricants reduce friction, help prevent condom breakage, and can enhance sexual pleasure. They should be used for all anal sex.

Do not use oil-based lubricants (such as baby oil, massage oil or petroleum jelly), as they can weaken a condom and cause it to break. If a condom breaks during sex, your partner could be at risk of pregnancy or contracting an STI.

Where to get them#

External (male) condoms and water-based lubricant are usually easy to get. They are available from supermarkets, pharmacies, sexual health and family planning clinics, youth services, sex shops, vending machines and online. Some services provide them free.

Advantages of male (external) condoms#

• protect against sexually transmissible infections (STIs)
• are easy to use
• are readily available and come in different sizes and styles
• have little or no side effects
• are low in cost and can be bought without a prescription
• can be used any time after giving birth
• reduce worries about pregnancy and STIs

Many people say condoms improve their sexual experience because they make them feel respected by their partner, can be used in foreplay, and can help make the experience last longer.

Health risks#

There are no known serious health risks from using male (external) condoms. Some people may experience irritation or a rash, especially if they have a latex (rubber) allergy. If this happens, use non-latex condoms instead and ask your doctor or a sexual health service about other options.

What to do if you have unsafe sex#

If you have had unprotected sex, or the condom breaks or slips, you may need emergency contraception:

• the emergency contraceptive pill (sometimes called the ‘morning after pill’)
• a non-hormonal (copper) IUD

Do not douche (wash out the vagina or rectal areas with water or other fluids). It may irritate delicate tissues and increase the risk of infection. Check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. See your doctor or a sexual health service and get tested for STIs.

STI checks are recommended at least once a year for anyone who is sexually active.

If you think you may have been exposed to HIV, see a doctor as soon as possible to find out whether you need post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). This is a course of antiviral medication used to help prevent HIV, and it must be started within 72 hours (within 4 days).

Key points#

• External condoms block ejaculate (cum) from entering the vagina to help prevent pregnancy.
• Do not apply lubricant inside the condom, as it may cause slippage and make the condom less effective.
• Water and silicone-based lubricants can reduce friction and help prevent condom breakage.
• If a condom breaks during sex, your partner could be at risk of pregnancy or contracting an STI.
• Male (external) condoms can be used any time after giving birth.

Where to get help#