Disability - managing underweight

Unwanted weight loss is a common problem. Research suggests that some people with a disability are more likely to be underweight than people in other groups.

Why weight loss can happen#

There are several reasons for this. For example, a person with a physical disability may have reduced muscle mass, or may find eating and swallowing difficult. With the right approach, a person with a disability can manage their weight and avoid unwanted weight loss.

Contributing factors that may lead to weight loss can include:

• A medical condition that affects the body’s metabolism
• Becoming more physically active
• Reduced muscle mass
• Medications that may reduce appetite
• Difficulty eating and swallowing
• Eating habits affected by depression, anxiety or frustration
• Relying on family members or carers to provide meals
• Limited knowledge of nutrition and weight management

Working out an appropriate weight#

There are different ways to estimate a person’s ideal weight for their height, such as the body mass index (BMI). These methods do not always apply to people with a disability.

For example, a person with a physical disability may weigh less than is recommended for the general population, but standard guidelines do not account for reduced muscle mass in their legs or arms.

Always see a doctor or dietitian for help in working out your ideal weight range and for strategies to reach a goal weight. A dietitian can also advise on how much energy (kilojoules) you need each day to achieve slow, healthy weight gain.

Healthy ways to gain weight#

Suggestions for gaining weight in a healthy way include:

• Eat more often. Six or more small meals and snacks through the day may be easier than three large meals, and can help boost the appetite.
• Use favorite foods. Foods that hold little interest are likely to be left on the plate, so you are more likely to eat well when meals and snacks you enjoy are provided. Make sure your diet still includes a range of healthy foods.
• Add extra energy. Because extra kilojoules are needed to gain weight, choose full-fat products rather than low-fat or non-fat ones.
• Find an eating style that suits you. Maintaining a healthy weight over the long term works best when the eating pattern fits the person. Some people prefer three main meals a day, while others prefer to eat more often and include snacks. Talk to a dietitian about your preferences so they can create an eating plan you can keep to.

Exercise also matters#

Exercise helps build muscle tissue, and is an important part of healthy weight management.

People with certain disabilities may have reduced mobility, but any amount of activity is helpful. For example, a person who uses a wheelchair can still lead a very active life. Exercising in water is often easier, because the buoyancy provides support. Even gentle stretching can help prevent muscle tightening and wasting.

An exercise program planned for the individual is an important weight management strategy, so see a doctor or physiotherapist for further advice.

Key points#

• Some people with a disability are more likely to be underweight than other people.
• Standard methods of calculating ideal weight do not always apply to people with a disability.
• See a doctor or dietitian for help in setting and reaching a goal weight.
• Eating more often, using favorite foods and choosing full-fat options can support healthy weight gain.
• Regular exercise suited to the individual helps build and maintain muscle.

Where to get help#