Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

The normal worries of everyday life can usually be controlled or ‘switched off’. Worrying can be constructive if it helps you to work out possible solutions to a problem.

However, some people are troubled by excessive worry and that seems difficult to control.

This type of excessive worrying is known as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Worries associated with GAD are distressing, last a long time and may appear for no apparent reason. GAD is characterized by a feeling of apprehension and constant irrational worrying about potential threats to the person and their loved ones.

The main feature of GAD is excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least six months. Worries are often about a variety of minor issues and events that are unlikely to occur. Generally, the worries are future oriented -– about what might happen rather than what is happening.

Even when there is no cause for alarm, a person with GAD might worry about health, finances, family issues, and work or study performance. Generalized anxiety disorder affects about five per cent of the population and onset can be at an early age – one third of people with GAD experience onset in childhood or adolescence.

GAD may occur following a stressful life event or a period of high.

It is more likely to develop if a person is predisposed to high anxiety due to a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences. Generalized anxiety disorder is often chronic (ongoing), but may have only a moderate impact on a person’s ability to function in daily life and so can often remain undetected and undiagnosed.

There are various self-help strategies you can use to reduce your tendency to worry.

You can also seek professional treatment#

People with generalized anxiety disorder experience several mental, emotional and physical symptoms, including: sleep disturbance (such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless unsatisfying sleep). Biological, psychological, social and cultural factors all appear to influence the development of GAD.

The contributing factors may include: – research suggests that people who were inhibited or reserved as children may be more likely to develop GAD as adults.

Personality traits such as emotional sensitivity and shyness also make worrying more likely – our habitual ways of thinking are learned over many years and are influenced by a range of environmental, social and family influences. A tendency to be preoccupied with imaginary worries can train our mind, over time, to habitually worry – anxiety (as a trait) may be inherited and the family environment (including the role models provided by parents) may influence the development of GAD – some research indicates that anxiety is associated with altered brain chemistry.

However, it is unclear whether anxiety causes the physical changes or whether the physical changes cause the anxiety.

Self-help strategies that can help a person to control or reduce their worrying include: Structured problem solving is a way of turning fruitless worrying into strategies to find solutions. It is best to practice first on small worries or problems, and limit yourself to working on one problem at a time.

As you become proficient at the technique, you can tackle larger, more complex problems.

Write down all the steps as you work through them. The steps of structured problem solving include:

• identify the problem
• be precise.

For example

• I am afraid of being alone in the house at night.’ – brainstorm every possible solution you can think of
• without censoring any idea at this early stage

Give yourself permission to list even absurd or outlandish possibilities – decide on the most appropriate solution(s). It is sometimes better to choose a solution that can be implemented immediately, even though it might not be ’the best’. Avoid choosing solutions that are too ambitious or hard to fulfill – make a plan for how you intend to implement the solution.

Include factors such as the required resources (like money), help required from other people, time limits or deadlines, possible difficulties that may be encountered along the way, coping strategies for those anticipated difficulties, rehearsal (such as practicing what to say during a job interview), and methods of monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of the plan – review the plan as necessary, perhaps adding or deleting points.

Many people who experience excessive worry report that they don’t know how to relax. Regular practice of a relaxation technique, such as progressive muscle relaxation (systematic tensing and relaxing of the various muscle groups), can help to reduce the physical symptoms of anxiety.

Mindfulness meditation, the practice of focusing our attention on the present moment, involves both physical relaxation and creating a calm and peaceful state of mind.

During meditation, the brain’s activity – when mapped by a device called an electroencephalograph (EEG) – is different to any other measurable state of consciousness, including sleep.

The brain waves produced are called alpha waves, and this brain state has been found to promote relaxation of the entire nervous system.

Scientific studies show that the regular practice of meditation can be a powerful tool in anxiety management. Exercise is proving to be an effective strategy to help people manage symptoms of depression and anxiety. There are various theories to explain how exercise can lift a person’s mood.

• Queensland researchers have found that regular exercise
• the subsequent increase in physical fitness
• alters levels of a brain chemical called serotonin
• which leads to improved mood
• feelings of wellbeing – physical activity burns up stress chemicals like adrenaline
• which promotes a more relaxed body
• mind – an enjoyable bout of exercise may be distracting enough to break the vicious cycle of worrying

Treatments that are helpful for alleviating GAD include a variety of psychological therapies and medications. A combination of, anxiety management techniques and improving physical wellness has been found to be successful in bringing generalized anxiety disorder under the person’s control.

Don’t hesitate to seek professional advice if your self-help strategies don’t seem to be working for you., Department of Health and Aged Care.

Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder excessive and unreasonable worry over events or activities, such as work, school or health excessive worry about their capacity and confidence to deal with situations inability to control or stop their worrying feelings of apprehension muscle tension restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge being easily fatigued tension headaches problems with concentration or having their mind go blank irritability shallow, uneven breathing increase in heart rate and blood pressure sweating feeling nauseous or sick trembling and shaking Causes of generalized anxiety disorder personality learned behavior family brain chemistry Self-help strategies for generalized anxiety disorder structured problem solving relaxation and mindfulness meditation exercise Structured problem solving can help with generalized anxiety disorder step one step two step three – evaluate the solutions one at a time, noting the advantages and disadvantages of each step four step five step six Relaxation and mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder Exercise and managing generalized anxiety disorder altered brain chemicals reduced adrenaline distraction Seeking professional help for generalized anxiety disorder Health professionals who can help treat GAD include psychologists, psychiatrists and primary care doctors (doctors) cognitive behavior therapy Medication

Where to get help#

Key Points#

• main feature of GAD is excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least six months
• You can also seek professional treatment
• However, it is unclear whether anxiety causes the physical changes or whether the physical changes cause the anxiety
• Exercise is proving to be an effective strategy to help people manage symptoms of depression and anxiety
• Treatments that are helpful for alleviating GAD include a variety of psychological therapies and medications