Menopause

What is menopause?#

Menopause is when you have your final period. You have reached menopause once you have not had a period or any spotting for 12 months. Most women reach menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, and on average at around 51 to 52.

Menopause can happen naturally at the expected age or earlier. The time leading up to it is called perimenopause.

What causes menopause?#

Menopause happens because your hormone levels change. As you approach menopause, hormones such as estrogen and progesterone rise and fall, and these changes can lead to a range of symptoms.

Menopause is different for everyone. Some women have no symptoms at all, while others have symptoms that interfere with their daily lives. Your experience can also be affected by what is happening in your life and by your general health and wellbeing.

Early and premature menopause#

Menopause before the age of 45 is called early menopause, and before the age of 40 it is called premature menopause. Menopause can also happen as a result of surgery or cancer treatment.

Symptoms of menopause#

Common physical symptoms include:

• hot flushes and night sweats
• sleep problems
• headaches
• muscle and joint pains
• a dry vagina, which can make sex painful
• sore breasts
• tiredness
• forgetfulness and “brain fog” (difficulty concentrating)

Common emotional symptoms include mood changes (feeling unhappy or depressed) and anxiety.

Managing menopause#

There are many ways to manage menopause, and it may take time to find what works for you.

Lifestyle changes#

• eat healthy food and drink plenty of water
• do regular physical activity
• maintain a healthy weight
• improve your sleep
• reduce or stop unhealthy habits such as drinking alcohol or smoking

Practical tips#

• use a hand fan or water spray when you feel hot
• wear layered clothing so you can remove a layer when you feel hot

Therapies and medicines#

• menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is the most effective treatment for relieving many symptoms
• some medicines, such as certain antidepressants, can reduce hot flushes and sweating
• some people also try natural therapies and relaxation classes such as yoga

Ask your doctor about the risks and benefits of any therapy or medicine before starting it.

Taking care of your emotional health#

It is normal to experience a range of emotions around the time of menopause. There are many ways to look after your emotional health, such as keeping a healthy lifestyle and making time for things you enjoy.

You can also talk to a counsellor or try cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to help manage your symptoms and wellbeing. If you are experiencing strong emotions, anxiety or depression, talk to your doctor.

Key points#

• Menopause is confirmed once you have had no period or spotting for 12 months.
• It happens because hormone levels change as you approach the end of your periods.
• Symptoms vary widely – some women have none, while others find their daily lives affected.
• A mix of lifestyle changes, practical tips, therapies and emotional support can help you manage symptoms.

Where to get help and trusted information#

For evidence-based global health guidance, see Source: World Health Organization (WHO).